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UL 1598 is mentioned in NEC Annex A and has several editions.

#1) 90.5(C) Explanatory Material.

A change in the <strong>NEC Style Manual</strong> during the 2023 code cycle has brought all definitions to Article 100

#2) Article 100.

Wiring in this device box under the sink must be accessible.

#3) Article 100 Definitions. Accessible (as applied to...

A kitchen “counter” is different than a “work surface”.

#4) Article 100 Definitions. Counter (Countertop).

NEC Section 694.40(A) states that attached metal parts, such as turbine blades and tails that are not “likely to become energized”, shall not be required to be grounded or bonded.

#5) Article 100 Definitions. Likely to Become Energize...

A conference room table is a type of Work Surface.

#6) Article 100 Definitions. Work Surface.

Cybersecurity is critical for network-connected life safety equipment to address its ability to withstand unauthorized updates and malicious attacks while continuing to perform its intended safety functionality.

#7) 110.3(A)(8) Cybersecurity.

QR codes are an acceptable way to obtain product installation instructions.

#8) 110.3(B) Installation and Use.

A permanent arc flash label shall be field, or factory applied to service equipment and feeder supplied equipment rated 1000 amperes or more.

#9) 110.16(B) Service Equipment and Feeder Supplied Eq...

In the 2023 NEC, not only is the circuit source required to be marked, but the “location” of the circuit source as well.

#10) 110.22(A) Identification of Disconnecting Means.

Code Violation! The space in front of the enclosure shall comply with the depth requirements of Table 110.26(A)(1) and shall be unobstructed to the floor by fixed cabinets, <strong>walls</strong>, or <strong>partitions</strong>.

#11) 110.26(A)(4) Limited Access.

This inspection would not pass without a level grade, floor, or platform in the work space required for the enclosed panelboard.

#12) 110.26(A)(6) Grade, Floor, or Working Platform.

Must have one entrance to and egress from the required working space not less than 24 inches wide and 6.5 feet high at each end of the working space.

#13) 110.26(C)(2) Large Equipment.

Does this exit door open to at least 90°?

#14) 110.26(C)(3) Personnel Doors.

Notice the roof drain is routed into the required dedicated equipment space for some of the service equipment.

#15) 110.26(E) Dedicated Equipment Space.

The disconnect switch for this rooftop fan is within 50 feet from the equipment and can be seen while servicing the equipment.

#16) 110.29 In Sight From.

Section 200.6 provides the methods permitted for grounded conductor identification.

#17) 200.6 Means of Identifying Grounded Conductors.

Branch Circuits are the conductors between the final overcurrent device protecting the circuit and the outlet. Requirements for branch circuits over 1000 volts ac, or 1500 volts dc, nominal are now located in new Article 235.

#18) Article 210.

A multiwire branch circuit has two or more ungrounded conductors that have a voltage between them, and a neutral conductor that has equal voltage between it and each ungrounded conductor of the circuit.

#19) 210.4 Multiwire Branch Circuits.

If this measurement is within 6 feet from the top inside edge of the bowl of the sink, then listed Class A GFCI protection is required for the receptacle.

#20) 210.8 Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection ...

Since there is a sink and permanent provisions for beverage preparation in this dwelling unit bar area, all single phase, 125-volt through 250-volt receptacles installed in this “area” require GFCI protection.

#21) 210.8(A) GFCI Protection for Dwelling Units.

This receptacle requires GFCI protection even though it may not be within 6 feet of the sink.

#22) 210.8(B) GFCI Protection for Other Than Dwelling U...

In the 2023 NEC, most dishwashers, electric ranges, wall-mounted ovens, microwave ovens, and counter-mounted cooking units will require GFCI protection.

#23) 210.8(D) GFCI Protection for Specific Appliances.

An “<strong>Outlet</strong>”, according to the NEC Article 100 definition, is <strong><em>a point on the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment</em></strong>.

#24) 210.8(F) GFCI Protection for Outdoor Outlets.

Branch/Feeder AFCI, Outlet Branch-Circuit-type AFCI, System Combination type AFCI.

#25) 210.12 AFCI Protection.

LED lighting and other energy efficient systems may benefit from the new allowance to use 10-ampere branch circuits.

#26) 210.18 Branch Circuit Rating.

Branch circuits are the circuit conductors between the final overcurrent device protecting the circuit and the outlet.

#27) 210.19 Conductors - Minimum Ampacity and Size.

Before this code change, it could be argued that a receptacle was required on the wall to the right of the range since the wall space behind the range could be included when measuring for receptacles.

#28) 210.52(A)(2) Wall Space for Dwelling Unit Receptac...

The receptacles installed under the cabinets satisfy the required countertop outlets needed within 24 inches of the cook top.

#29) 210.52(C) Dwelling Unit Receptacle Outlets at Coun...

Hazards from having receptacles on islands and peninsulas have made them optional in the 2023 NEC.

#30) 210.52(C)(2) & (3) Island and Peninsular Counterto...

The marking or labels REQUIRED BY Section 225.41 shall be located on the outside front of the disconnect enclosure with red background and white text.

#31) 225.41 Emergency Disconnects.

Service conductors are NOT permitted to be installed in the same underground box as non-service conductors.

#32) 230.7 Other Conductors.

Some service disconnecting means configurations permitted in 2023 NEC Section 230.71(B).

#33) 230.71(B) Two to Six Service Disconnecting Means.

If an adjustable trip circuit breaker is installed in accordance with 240.4(B)(1-3), it is permitted to be adjusted to a value not exceeding the next higher standard size overcurrent device shown in Table 240.6(A) above the ampacity of the conductors being protected where restricted access is provided in accordance with 240.6(C).

#34) 240.4(B) Overcurrent Devices Rated 800 Amperes or ...

Section 240.6(D) was added to address some of the newer circuit breakers available that have adjustable settings which can be accessed remotely by a computer, smartphone, or tablet.

#35) 240.6(D) Remotely Accessible Adjustable-Trip Circu...

This new language applies if one or more feeder OCPD’s are required to be selectively coordinated with a service overcurrent protective device by other requirements in the NEC.

#36) 240.11 Selective Coordination.

UL listed fuse reducers.

#37) 240.60(E) Fuse Reducers.

Section 240.89 requires replacement trip units to be listed for use with the circuit breaker type in which they are installed.

#38) 240.89 Replacement Trip Units.

New Article 245 covers overcurrent protection for systems rated over 1000 volts ac (such as this 15kV medium voltage circuit breaker), 1500 volts dc.

#39) Article 245 Overcurrent Protection for Systems Rat...

Grounding electrode conductors are not permitted to be installed through equipment ventilation openings.

#40) 250.64(G) Enclosures with Ventilation Openings.

In some cases, the underground metal water piping enters the building into a basement or crawl space and connects to interior metal water piping that is technically within 5 feet of the point of entry but is actually more than 5 feet (as measured along the piping).

#41) 250.68(C) Grounding Electrode Conductor Connection...

#42) 250.102(C)(2) Size of SSBJ for Parallel Conductor ...

Upgrading to a meter socket enclosure equipped with a main service disconnect can render the existing service conductors as a feeder.

#43) 250.140 Frames of Ranges and Clothes Dryers.

NEC Table 300.5(A).

#44) Table 300.5 Minimum Cover Requirements.

The 6-inch free conductor required at each outlet, junction, and switch point is permitted to be spliced.

#45) 300.14 Length of Free Conductors at Outlets, Junct...

If an angle pull, u-pull, or splice of conductors 4 AWG or larger is made in an overcurrent device enclosure, it must comply with Section 314.28(A)(2).

#46) 312.8(A) Splices, Taps, and Feed-Through Conductor...

Field installed screws or other fasteners entering cabinets must comply with Section 312.10.

#47) 312.10 Screws or Other Fasteners.

Cabinet covers are not permitted to be homemade.

#48) 312.102 Doors or Covers.

New Section 314.5 applies to screws or other fasteners installed in the field that enter wiring spaces and does not apply to those screws included as part of the listing and labeling of the box or other enclosure covered in Article 314.

#49) 314.5 Screws or Other Fasteners.

That the term “side” applies to any wall of a box other than the one opposite the opening.

#50) 314.24(C) Clearances for Side-Wiring Entrances.

Covering an underground box is permitted if the box location is effectively described and accessible for excavation. A description of the underground box location must be made available to those authorized to access, maintain, or inspect the wiring.

#51) 314.29 Boxes, Conduit Bodies, and Handhole Enclosu...

Article 315 covers Medium Voltage Conductors, Cable, Cable Joints, and Cable Terminations.

#52) Article 315 Medium Voltage Conductors, Cable, Cabl...

Cable protection is required where cables are run across the top of framing members, or across the face of rafters or studding within 7 feet of the floor or horizontal surface.

#53) 320.23(A) Cables Run Across the Top of Framing Mem...

Type NM and Type NMC cables are now permitted to be used in detached garages of multifamily dwellings permitted to be of Types III, IV, and V construction.

#54) 334.10(2) Uses Permitted.

Where conduits are used with NM cables, a bushing is required at each end to protect the cable from abrasion.

#55) 334.15(B) Protection from Physical Damage.

Circled in yellow is a nonmetallic-sheathed cable with more than enough cable sheath extending in the enclosure. On the right are two nonmetallic-sheathed cables that have no cable sheath extending beyond the cable clamp, and the cable clamps are installed upside down.

#56) 334.19 NM Cable Entries.

The radius of the curve of the inner edge of the bend shall not be less than five times the cable diameter (based on the major diameter dimension for flat cables).

#57) 334.24 Bending Radius.

Standard clamps and dies that have not been modified could damage the PVC coatings and shall not be used on PVC-coated Rigid Metal Conduit.

#58) 344.28 Reaming and Threading.

Expansion fittings must be installed above grade when direct buried PVC conduit emerges from the ground and compensation is needed for earth settling or movement, including frost heave.

#59) 352.44 Expansion Fittings and Earth Movement.

In the 2023 NEC, Section 358.10(A)(1) was revised to specifically allow EMT in direct burial applications with fittings identified for direct burial.

#60) 358.10 Uses Permitted.

IBP is a cylindrical solid or hollow conductor with a solid insulation system, having a grounding layer and conductive grading layers imbedded in the insulation, and provided with an overall covering of insulating or metallic material.

#61) Article 369 Insulated Bus Pipe IBP/ Tubular Covere...

Flexible bus systems use a flat braided insulated conductor that provides greater flexibility than busduct without the bending radius limitations typical cables have.

#62) Article 371 Flexible Bus Systems.

Types SH, SHD, and SHD-GC portable power cables must be used from 2000 volts to 25,000 volts.

#63) Article 400 Part IV. Portable Power Feeder Cables ...

Some disconnect switches can be opened with a tool while energized.

#64) 404.30 Switch Enclosures with Doors.

GFCI and GFPE are not the same. GFPE is for equipment protection and typically designed to trip in the 30 mA or higher range.

#65) 406.4(D)(8) Receptacle Replacements and Ground-Fau...

Physical protection of floor receptacles must allow the operation of floor-cleaning equipment without damage to receptacles.

#66) 406.4(G) Protection of Floor Receptacles.

Receptacle faceplates equipped with integral night lights and/or USB chargers that connect by spring-tensioned contacts must be rated 1 watt or less and connected to brass or copper alloy receptacle terminal screws.

#67) 406.6(D) Receptacle Faceplates with Integral Night...

Hinged covers of outlet box hoods (installed in wet or damp locations) must be able to open at least 90 degrees, or fully open if the cover is not designed to open 90 degrees from the closed to open position.

#68) 406.9(A) & (B) Receptacles in Damp or Wet Location...

The zone where receptacles are not permitted extends to the floor in the 2023 NEC.

#69) 406.9(C) Bathtub and Shower Space.

There are many different types of tamper-resistant receptacles currently available.

#70) 406.12 Tamper-Resistant Receptacles.

In the 2023 NEC, 408.4(B) requires marking on switchboards, switchgear, and panelboards (supplied by a feeder) to indicate where the power originates, as well as its physical location.

#71) 408.4(B) Source of Supply.

Panelboards can be listed with or without an enclosure.

#72) 408.9 Replacement Panelboards.

This enclosed panelboard has a short-circuit current rating of up to 100kA and can be installed at a point in the electrical system where the available fault current is higher than 10kA in compliance with NEC 110.9, 110.10, 408.6, and 408.38.

#73) 408.38 Enclosure.

Ceiling-suspended (paddle) fans with luminaire (light kit) are not permitted within a zone measured 3 feet horizontally and 8 feet vertically from the top of the bathtub rim or shower stall threshold.

#74) 410.10(D) Bathtub and Shower Areas.

For indoor locations at other than dwellings and associated accessory structures, fluorescent or LED luminaires that use double-ended lamps and are equipped with ballasts or LED drivers that can be serviced in place must have a disconnecting means either internal or external to each luminaire.

#75) 410.71 Disconnecting Means for Fluorescent or LED ...

HVAC equipment not permitted within a zone measured 3 feet horizontally and 8 feet vertically from the top of a bathtub rim or shower stall threshold.

#76) 440.8 Single Machine and Location.

If the disconnecting means is readily accessible to unqualified persons (like in this public parking garage), any enclosure door or hinged cover of the disconnecting means enclosure that exposes energized parts when open requires a tool to open or must be capable of being locked.

#77) 440.11 General.

An HVAC disconnecting means must meet the working space requirements of NEC Section 110.26(A). The working space required for these HVAC disconnect switches is compromised by the line sets and Liquidtight conduits between the disconnect and the units.

#78) 440.14 Location.

Several changes regarding generator disconnecting means and emergency shutdown.

#79) 445.18 & 19 Disconnecting Means and Emergency Shut...

An individual branch circuit is only required for EVSE outlets greater than 16 amperes or 120 volts.

#80) 625.40 Electric Vehicle Branch Circuit.

Receptacles and outlets on single- or 3-phase branch circuits operating at voltages above 150 volts to ground, but not exceeding 480 volts phase-to-phase shall be provided with SPGFCI protection not to exceed 20-mA ground-fault trip current.

#81) 680.5 GFCI and SPGFCI Protection.

Relocating the equipment room receptacle requirements to Part I of Article 680 results in code language addressing receptacles in all pool, spa, hot tub, fountain, or similar equipment rooms which are common in casinos, hotels, malls, and other installations.

#82) 680.12 Equipment Rooms, Vaults, and Pits.

If a pool pump motor in 680.21(C) is replaced or repaired, the replacement or repaired pump motor must be provided with ground-fault protection complying with 680.5(B) or (C), as applicable.

#83) 680.21(D) Pool Pump Motor Replacement.

For equipotential bonding, the shell of the splash pad includes the area traversed by pedestrians, bounded by the extent of the splash pad footing and rising to its exposed surfaces and its collection basin area.

#84) 680.54(C) Equipotential Bonding of Splash Pads.

A PV DC Circuit (as used in Article 690) includes any dc conductor in PV source circuits, PV string circuits, and PV dc-to-dc converter circuits.

#85) Figure 690.1.

2023 NEC Section 690.4(G) permits PV equipment where floating on bodies of water.

#86) 690.4(G) PV Equipment Floating on Bodies of Water.

Rapid Shutdown is not required for PV equipment and circuits installed on non-enclosed detached structures including but not limited to parking shade structures, carports, solar trellises, and similar structures.

#87) 690.12 Rapid Shutdown of PV Systems on Buildings.

The ac disconnect switch for this PV inverter (on the other side of the wall) is certainly readily accessible, and within 50 feet from the inverter, but it is not visible while an electrician is standing on this side of the fence servicing the inverter.

#88) 690.15(D) Equipment Disconnecting Means.

In the 2023 NEC, new Section 700.11 provides a good start for introducing new language pertaining to Class-2-powered emergency lighting systems.

#89) 700.11 Wiring, Class-2-Powered Emergency Lighting ...

Unit equipment is a type of “Battery-Equipped Emergency Luminaire”, but a “Battery-Equipped Emergency Luminaire” is NOT a type of “Unit Equipment”.

#90) 700.12(H) Battery-Equipped Emergency Luminaires.

Devices that combine control signals with Class 2 emergency power on a single circuit shall be listed as emergency lighting control devices.

#91) 700.27 Class 2 Powered Emergency Lighting Systems.

Even though the language in 700.32(B) and (C) is triggered by replacing an OCPD in the “emergency system” or a modification, addition, or deletion “to the emergency system”, selective coordination should be reevaluated any time a replacement or modification occurs related to any OCPD that could impact the emergency system to comply with the new language in Section 240.11.

#92) 700.32 Selective Coordination.

Conductors connected between the line side of the service disconnect and the line side of an interconnected power production source disconnecting means are in fact “service conductors”.

#93) 705.11(A) Service Connections.

Per UL Product category code ZMVV, wire splicing and tap connectors investigated for use on the line side of service equipment are marked on the connector, the smallest unit container or on an information sheet placed in the smallest unit container with one of the following: “SR” or “Suitable for use on the line side of the service equipment,” or equivalent.

#94) 705.11(B), (C), and (F) Conductors and Connections...

CI cable, a fire-resistive cable system, or a <strong>listed electrical circuit protective system</strong> shall be permitted for use in systems that supply critical circuits to ensure survivability for continued circuit operation for a specified time under fire conditions.

#95) Article 722 Cables for Power-Limited Circuits and ...

New Article 724 covers Class 1 circuits, including power-limited Class 1 remote-control and signaling circuits, that are not an integral part of a device or utilization equipment.

#96) Article 724 Class 1 Power-Limited Circuits and Cla...

Article 725 covers power-limited circuits, including power-limited remote-control and signaling circuits, that are not an integral part of a device or of utilization equipment.

#97) 725.1 Scope.

#98) 725.24 Mechanical Execution of Work.

#99) 760.33 Supply-Side Overvoltage Protection.

The revised language in 2023 is about the conduit length and the connectors are not counted.

#100) Chapter 9 Notes and Tables.

NFPA 70E is the Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace.

#101) NFPA 70E Purpose and Scope.

Figure 90.4. NFPA 70E has an introduction, 3 Chapters and several informative annexes.

#102) NFPA 70E 90.4 Standard Arrangement.

Many panelboard cabinets have a lockable cover.

#103) NFPA 70E Article 100 Definitions.

The arc rating is expressed in cal/cm<sup>2</sup>.

#104) NFPA 70E Article 100 Definitions.

The arc flash boundary is an approach limit from an arc source at which incident energy equals 1.2 cal/cm<sup>2</sup>.

#105) NFPA 70E Article 100 Definitions.

The limited and restricted approach boundaries relate to electric shock hazards.

#106) NFPA 70E Article 100 Definitions.

Equipment has been locked/tagged in accordance with established standards.

#107) NFPA 70E Article 100 Definitions.

Available Fault Current values at the service equipment can be obtained from the electric utility company.

#108) NFPA 70E Article 100 Definitions.

The level of incident energy at a given point depends on things like voltage level, duration of the fault condition, amount of available fault current, and distance to the arc source.

#109) NFPA 70E Article 100 Definitions.

The interrupting rating is the highest current at rated voltage that a device is identified to interrupt under standard test conditions.

#110) NFPA 70E Article 100 Definitions.

A qualified person has demonstrated skills and knowledge related to the construction and operation of electrical equipment and installations and has received safety training to identify the hazards and reduce the associated risk.

#111) NFPA 70E Article 100 Definitions.

A risk assessment identifies hazards, estimates the likelihood of occurrence of injury or damage to health, estimates the potential severity of injury or damage to health, and determines if protective measures are required.

#112) NFPA 70E Article 100 Definitions.

Examples of step potential and touch potential.

#113) NFPA 70E Article 100 Definitions.

The workers face and chest are further from the arc source than his hands.

#114) NFPA 70E Article 100 Definitions.

The employer must establish and implement the safety related work practices as well as provide the employee with proper training on the safety program.

#115) NFPA 70E 105.3 Responsibility.

Is it truly necessary to work on the equipment while energized?

#116) NFPA 70E 110.2 Electrically Safe Work Condition.

Evidence of impending failure includes loose equipment parts and visible damage.

#117) NFPA 70E 110.2(B) Normal Operating Condition.

An electrical safety program including electrical safety procedures should be in place for those whose work involves electrical hazards.

#118) NFPA 70E 110.3 Electrical Safety Program.

The risk assessment procedure should identify hazards, assess risks and implement risk control according to the hierarchy of risk control methods.

#119) NFPA 70E 110.3(H) Risk Assessment Procedure.

Part of the job safety planning involves identification of the electrical hazards associated with each task.

#120) NFPA 70E 110.3(I) Job Safety Planning and Job Brie...

Proper auditing of the electrical safety program ensures that the program is up to date and reflects the most current version of NFPA 70E which is revised every three years.

#121) NFPA 70E 110.3(L) Auditing.

A Qualified Person is one who has demonstrated skills and knowledge related to the construction and operation of electrical equipment and installations and has received safety training to identify the hazards and reduce the associated risk.

#122) NFPA 70E 110.4(A)(1) Training Requirements. Qualif...

Additional training and retraining is required every 3 years to cover changes made to NFPA 70E.

#123) NFPA 70E 110.4(A)(3) and (4) Additional Training a...

Lockout/tagout training is for all employees involved in or affected by the lockout/tagout procedures required by 120.3.

#124) NFPA 70E 110.4(B) Lockout/Tagout Procedure Trainin...

Electrical test meters shall be rated for circuits and equipment where they are utilized.

#125) NFPA 70E 110.6 Test Instruments and Equipment.

Always verify the operation of the tester on a known voltage source <strong>before and after</strong> an absence of voltage test is performed.

#126) NFPA 70E 110.6(E) Operation Verification.

The lockout/tagout program must specify all required lockout/tagout procedures and practices.

#127) NFPA 70E 120.2 Lockout/Tagout Program & Responsibi...

The lockout/tagout device shall be unique and readily identifiable as a lockout/tagout device.

#128) NFPA 70E 120.3 Lockout/Tagout Principles.

For the simple lockout/tagout, a written lockout/tagout plan is not required and there is never more than one source of electrical energy.

#129) NFPA 70E 120.5(A)(4) Simple Lockout/Tagout Procedu...

When multiple disconnecting means must be locked out to perform a task, a complex lockout/tagout procedure must be used.

#130) NFPA 70E 120.5(A)(5) Complex Lockout/Tagout.

In industrial facilities, a circuit being de-energized may result in an automatic shutdown process that involves moving equipment finishing out the current process.

#131) NFPA 70E 120.5(B)(1-3) Elements of Control.

Once a disconnecting switch is locked in the open position, grab the handle, and try to turn it back on. Always double check and verify that the equipment cannot be restarted before starting to work on the equipment.

#132) NFPA 70E 120.5(B)(4-6) Elements of Control.

The location, sizing, and application of temporary protective grounding equipment shall be identified as part of the employer’s job planning.

#133) NFPA 70E 120.5(B)(7) Temporary Protective Groundin...

Is this disconnecting means properly locked out and tagged out?

#134) NFPA 70E 120.5(B)(11) Lockout/Tagout Application.

Before electric circuits or equipment are re-energized, visual inspections shall be conducted to verify that all tools, mechanical restraints and electrical jumpers, short circuits, and temporary protective grounding equipment have been removed.

#135) NFPA 70E 120.5(B)(13) Release for Return to Servic...

Visually verify that all blades of the disconnecting devices are fully open.

#136) NFPA 70E 120.6(1-6) Process for Establishing and V...

NFPA 70E does NOT permit using a noncontact type tester when testing for the absence of voltage on electrical systems rated 1000 volts or less.

#137) NFPA 70E 120.6(7) Testing for Absence of Voltage.

Temporary protective grounding cable.

#138) NFPA 70E 120.6(8) Induced Voltage and Stored Elect...

There are two methods to determine the correct selection of arc flash PPE; the incident energy analysis method or the arc flash PPE category method.

#139) NFPA 70E 130.1 Scope.

The worker suits up in category 1 PPE before opening the gear to perform thermography within the restricted approach boundary. Which required items are clearly missing from the workers PPE selection?

#140) NFPA 70E 130.2 Electrically Safe Work Conditions V...

Specific items are required to be documented on the energized work permit.

#141) NFPA 70E 130.2(B) Elements of an Energized Electri...

Certain activities are permitted without an energized electrical work permit but being exempted from an energized electrical work permit does not also mean that PPE is not required for the task.

#142) NFPA 70E 130.2(C) Exemptions to an Energized Elect...

If the zombie needs to walk past the green line into the limited approach boundary, he must be advised by and escorted by a qualified person.

#143) NFPA 70E 130.4(E) and (F) Electric Shock Protectio...

Table 130.4(E)(a) in the NFPA 70E provides shock protection approach boundaries to exposed energized electrical conductors or circuit parts for alternating-current systems.

#144) NFPA 70E Table 130.4(E)(a) Shock Protection Approa...

Table 130.4(E)(b) in the NFPA 70E provides shock protection approach boundaries to exposed energized electrical conductors or circuit parts for DC systems.

#145) NFPA 70E Table 130.4(E)(B) Shock Protection Approa...

Table 130.5(C) Estimate of the Likelihood of Occurrence of an Arc Flash Incident for ac and dc Systems.

#146) NFPA 70E Table 130.5(C) Estimate of the Likelihood...

Table 130.5(C) Estimate of the Likelihood of Occurrence of an Arc Flash Incident for ac and dc Systems.

#147) NFPA 70E Table 130.5(C) Estimate of the Likelihood...

Table 130.5(C) Estimate of the Likelihood of Occurrence of an Arc Flash Incident for ac and dc Systems.

#148) NFPA 70E Table 130.5(C) Estimate of the Likelihood...

Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) Arc-Flash PPE Categories for Alternating Current (ac) Systems.

#149) NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) Arc-Flash Hazard PP...

Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) Arc-Flash PPE Categories for Alternating Current (ac) Systems.

#150) NFPA 70E Table 130.5(C)(15)(a) Arc-Flash Hazard PP...

The worker suits up in category 1 PPE before opening the gear to perform thermography within the restricted approach boundary. Which required items are clearly missing from the workers PPE selection?

#151) NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)(15)(c) Protective Clothing...

NEC Figure 250.1.

#152) NEC Article 250.

The grounded neutral conductor provides a current return path for anything utilizing a neutral supplied from the secondary side of the transformer.

#153) Grounded.

All neutral conductors are grounded conductors but not all grounded conductors are neutrals.

#154) Article 100 Definitions. Grounded Conductor.

Each grounded conductor shall terminate within the panelboard in an individual terminal that is not also used for another conductor.

#155) Grounded Conductor.

In this installation, the wire type equipment grounding conductor is also used to bond non-current carrying metal enclosures to each other since the PVC raceway between the enclosures does not bond the metal lighting contactor box.

#156) Grounding Versus Bonding.

Many raceway types qualify as an equipment grounding conductor.

#157) Equipment Grounding Conductors.

The main bonding jumper is connecting the grounded circuit conductor, the equipment grounding conductor busbar, and the supply-side bonding jumper to the service enclosure.

#158) Article 100. Bonding Jumper, Main.

The supply-side bonding jumper ensures the required electrical conductivity between metal parts required to be electrically connected.

#159) Article 100. Bonding Jumper, Supply-Side.

Notice the paint scraped off from the pipe before the grounding clamp was installed. Not a bad idea to paint the surface after the clamp is installed to avoid future rust.

#160) 250.12 Clean Surfaces.

Reconnecting a grounded conductor to ground on the load side of the service disconnect is prohibited unless another section in Article 250 allows it.

#161) 250.24(B) Load-Side Grounding Connections.

Many line side connections, such as this PV system, terminate in an enclosure that is not considered a service disconnect.

#162) 250.25 Grounding of Systems Permitted to Be Connec...

NEC 250.28(A) permits aluminum and copper-clad aluminum main bonding jumpers which aligns with Table 250.102(C)(1).

#163) 250.28(A) Main Bonding Jumper and System Bonding J...

Multiple generators of the same type connected in parallel.

#164) 250.30 Grounding Separately Derived Alternating-Cu...

Section 250.68(C)(1) and (C)(2) allows the first 5 feet of an emerging metal underground water pipe that qualifies as a grounding electrode, or structural building steel to be used to extend or interconnect the connection to an electrode.

#165) 250.30(A)(4)&(5) Grounding Separately Derived Alte...

The structural steel can be used as a grounding electrode conductor while the metal water pipe can be used to extend the common GEC to the underground portion of the water pipe that serves as the grounding electrode.

#166) 250.30(A)(6)(a) Grounding Electrode Conductor, Mul...

According to 250.53(A)(3), if multiple rod, pipe, or plate electrodes are installed to meet the requirements of 250.53(A)(2), they must be at least 6 feet apart.

#167) 250.52 Electrodes Permitted for Grounding.

Metal in-ground support structures include, but are not limited to, pilings, casings, and other structural metal. They are required to be in the ground. The above ground steel on the right is not an electrode but it connects to the rebar in the footing that qualifies as a concrete encased electrode.

#168) 250.52(A)(2) Metal In-ground Support Structure(s).

Pool rebar is not to be used as the grounding electrode system for the electric service.

#169) 250.52(B) Not Permitted for Use as Grounding Elect...

Relying on the rebar to interconnect the water pipe to the service as in the image is a code violation.

#170) 250.53(C) Bonding Jumper.

Bare aluminum or copper-clad aluminum grounding electrode conductors without an extruded polymeric covering shall not be installed where subject to corrosive conditions or be installed in direct contact with concrete.

#171) 250.64(A) Aluminum or Copper-Clad Aluminum Conduct...

<strong>Code violation!</strong> Where in contact with the earth, a grounding electrode conductor shall be buried or otherwise protected if subject to physical damage.

#172) 250.64(B) Securing and Protection Against Physical...

What type of PVC should be used to protect these grounding electrode conductors? Schedule 40 or schedule 80?

#173) 250.64(B) Exposed to Physical Damage.

Common hot gutter type service installation with the grounding electrode conductors connected to the exposed copper grounding busbar.

#174) 250.64(D)(1)(3) Building or Structure with Multipl...

Cable armor is similar to armored cable type AC, but there is little space between the armor and the conductor inside.

#175) 250.64(E) Raceways, Cable Armor, and Enclosures fo...

Even though the GEC to a ground rod is not usually required to be larger than 6 AWG copper, if configured this way, the GEC would need to be 4 AWG copper in order to make the GEC connection to the concrete encased electrode code compliant.

#176) 250.66(A) Size of Alternating-Current Grounding El...

NEC Table 250.66.

#177) Table 250.66 Grounding Electrode Conductor for Alt...

Interior metal water piping used to extend a GEC connection to an electrode must be electrically continuous with a metal underground water pipe electrode.

#178) 250.68(C)(1) Grounding Electrode Conductor Connect...

The hold-down bolts can be connected to the concrete-encased electrode by welding, exothermic welding, the usual steel tie wires, or other approved means.

#179) 250.68(C)(2) Grounding Electrode Conductor Connect...

The rebar stub up on the right emerged from the concrete stem wall, not the earth (soil).

#180) 250.68(C)(3) Grounding Electrode Conductor Connect...

The grounding or bonding conductor shall be connected to the grounding electrode by exothermic welding, listed lugs, listed pressure connectors, listed clamps, or other listed means.

#181) 250.70 Methods of Grounding and Bonding Conductor ...

Similar code language is located in 250.86 for other than service raceways.

#182) 250.80 Service Raceways and Enclosures.

Similar code language is located in 250.80 for service raceways.

#183) 250.86 Other Conductor Enclosures and Raceways.

Section 250.94 allows two different methods for bonding communications systems.

#184) 250.94 Bonding for Communications Systems.

The further the two dissimilar metals are to each other on the chart means more difference in galvanic potential.

#185) 250.102(A) Grounded Conductor, Bonding Conductors,...

NEC Table 250.102(C)(1) is used for sizing the grounded conductor, main bonding jumper, system bonding jumper, and supply-side bonding jumper for alternating-current systems.

#186) Table 250.102(C)(1). Grounded Conductor, Main Bond...

NEC Table 250.102(C)(1).

#187) 250.104(A) Metal Water Piping.

NEC 250.8 requires a listed clamp when bonding the gas piping system.

#188) 250.104(B) Bonding of Piping Systems and Exposed S...

Metal enclosures are permitted to be used to connect bonding jumpers or equipment grounding conductors, or both, together to become a part of an effective ground-fault current path.

#189) 250.109 Metal Enclosures.

FMC cannot be larger than trade size 1 ¼ inch if using the raceway as the equipment grounding conductor.

#190) 250.118(A)(5)(e) Types of Equipment Grounding Cond...

Although not that commonly done, the equipment grounding conductor can also serve as a grounding electrode conductor if it meets all the requirements for both conductors. This conductor would need to be continuous, without a splice per 250.64(C).

#191) 250.118(B) Uses Not Permitted for Equipment Ground...

Unless an exception applies, equipment grounding conductors 6 AWG and smaller are required to be green their entire length.

#192) 250.119 Identification of Wire-Type Equipment Grou...

NEC Table 250.122

#193) NEC Table 250.122.

All equipment grounding conductors in the gutter must be joined together.

#194) 250.122(F) Size of Equipment Grounding Conductors ...

The new grounding-type receptacle (on the right) replaced an old non-grounding type receptacle. An equipment grounding conductor can be run between boxes and connected inside the box on the left since all circuits come from the same panel and the first box is supplied by an NM cable with an equipment grounding conductor.

#195) 250.130(C) Replacement of Nongrounding Receptacle ...

An equipment grounding conductor passing through the box without a splice is not required to be joined inside the box to others that are spliced in the box.

#196) 250.148 Continuity of Equipment Grounding Conducto...

These are utility grade DC solar heat generators that direct sunlight into a Stirling engine.

#197) 250.166 Size of the Direct-Current Grounding Elect...

In this 2011 image, the 12,470-volt, fully submersible electric service was just set in place. This service only supplied 3-phase industrial loads that did not use a grounded neutral conductor. If installed according to the 2023 NEC, a grounded conductor would have been required to be run to the equipment.

#198) 250.186 Grounding Service-Supplied Alternating Cur...

Even though EMT is recognized as an equipment grounding conductor in 250.118, if installed outdoors on a rooftop to serve HVAC equipment, it requires a wire type equipment grounding conductor in the raceway.

#199) 440.9 Grounding and Bonding.

Some grounding and bonding fittings that are listed for use in wet and corrosive environments are marked “direct burial” or “DB” as in the image.

#200) 680.7(C) Grounding and Bonding Terminals.

Copper grids are permitted for equipotential bonding of perimeter surfaces adjacent to a pool.

#201) 680.26(B)(2) Perimeter Surfaces.

Most construction projects will have a mandatory timeline so that the project can stay on track.

#202) Course Introduction.

The building summary includes important information that applies to the electrician’s installation.

#203) Job Site Plans.

When penetrating a rated wall, floor, or ceiling assembly design, care must be taken to follow the exact requirements set forth in the through penetration firestopping design specified in the plans.

#204) Checking the Architectural Pages for Rated Walls a...

Newer buildings are required to have markings on fire rated walls to alert those about to make a penetration.

#205) Identifying Fire-Rated Walls.

These nonmetallic electrical boxes are installed as membrane penetrations through a fire-rated separation wall between two apartment units and are protected by listed putty pads.

#206) Membrane Penetrations and Electrical Boxes.

When installing a recessed luminaire into a rated ceiling, one option is to use a luminaire enclosure that is listed for use in a fire resistance–rated construction.

#207) Penetrating Rated Walls and Horizontal Assemblies.

Is this MC cable making a membrane or a through penetration? Did the electrician over punch the hole to allow for easier fishing of the cable down the wall? Is the firestopping sealant the same type specified in the fire-resistance-rated assembly?

#208) Firestopping.

The final inspection shall be made after all work required by the building permit is completed.

#209) Failing an Inspection.

Always ask the electrical engineer for permission before detouring from the approved plans.

#210) Requesting Further Information (RFI).

Dedicated space for the panelboards is insufficient now that the ductwork has been installed and wrapped.

#211) Thinking Ahead.

Typical light pole base detail and installation.

#212) Planning for the Underground Conduit Installation.

PVC electrical conduit is too shallow, improper 90-degree fitting used, backfill material full of rocks that could damage the conduit.

#213) Requesting an Underground Inspection.

The rough wall electrical inspection should be ready before the inspection is requested.

#214) Requesting a Rough Inspection.

Make sure all temporary lighting has been removed from the above ceiling space before the ceiling tiles are installed.

#215) Requesting an Above Ceiling Inspection Part 1.

This inverted disconnect switch is a violation of the installation instructions and the manufacturer instructions.

#216) Requesting an Above Ceiling Inspection Part 2.

The electrician installed open wiring inside the HVAC unit and received a red tag during the rooftop electrical inspection. Field installed wiring inside the equipment should be in a wet location raceway such as LFMC or LFNC since this louvered area might subject to weather.

#217) Requesting an HVAC/Rooftop Inspection.

GFPE testing shall be conducted by a qualified person using primary current injection, in accordance with instructions that are provided with the equipment. A written record of this testing shall be made and shall be available to the authority having jurisdiction.

#218) Power Distribution.

The electrical utility company has placed their approval sticker on the service and is pulling secondaries from the utility transformer into the equipment even though the city inspector has not yet placed his green tag on the equipment.

#219) Requesting an Inspection for Temporary Power.

This label is common on overcurrent devices that are adjustable. The engineer should be responsible to ensure that the dials are set properly for the specific installation so that selective coordination can be achieved.

#220) Preparing for the Final Inspection.

The International Building Code (IBC) and NFPA 101 Life Safety Code require means of egress illumination and emergency lighting in specific locations and occupancies. The NEC lays out the requirements on how they are to be powered and controlled.

#221) Emergency Systems.

A battery equipped emergency light with a UL 924 relay is an example of Unit equipment.

#222) Unit Equipment.

NEC Section 700.12(I)(2)(3)(b) was used for this example.

#223) Installation of Unit Equipment.

A single LED emergency luminaire above an exit door. Is it compliant with 700.16(B)?

#224) Emergency Illumination.

Since this building has an emergency system, emergency lighting is required for the interior service disconnect.

#225) Emergency Lighting for a Disconnecting Means.

The design engineer should include mounting height of emergency luminaires on the plans.

#226) Luminaire Mounting Height.

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